BI100 (Kuensting) Focus Sheet:  Ch. 8-9:  Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (11/19/08)
 
This study sheet will be updated as the test/quiz approaches so be sure to check again!
 
Objectives:
1.         Explain the basic steps of the light and dark reaction (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis.
2.         Write the basic equation of photosynthesis.  State where each of the reactants are used and where each of the products are produced in a cell.
3.         State the contribution of each of the following to the study of photosynthesis:  van Helmont, Joseph Priestly, Jan Ingenhousz.
4.         Draw a chloroplast with thylakoids and label all structures.  State where the different phases of photosynthesis occur on the drawing.
5.         Describe how an ATP molecule is built and how it is used.
6.         Explain the basic process of glycolysis.
7.         Explain the importance of anaerobic respiration.  State how it occurs and what it produces.
8.         Compare and contrast alcoholic fermentation and muscle fermentation.
9.         Write the basic equation of aerobic respiration.  State where each of the reactants and products is produced/used.
10.     Draw a mitochondrion inside of a cell and label the location of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system.
11.     Summarize the processes of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system.
 
Test Preparation:
Terms to Consider (some of them are defined below in the Test/Quiz format section):
adenosine triphosphate, chlorophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reaction, dark reaction, chloroplast, NADP, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, anaerobic, aerobic, fermentation, mitochondrion, matrix, lactic acid, ATP, NAD
 
Test/Quiz Format
1.    There will be some fill-in-the-blanks using the words from the Òterms to considerÓ list above.  Spelling is important!
2.    There will be a few essay questions from the list of objectives above.
3.    There may be true-false questions covering the ideas from the class notes.
4.    Labs 9 and 10 will be covered on the test.  Be able to calculate a refraction value using a sample chromatogram.  BRING A RULER!!  Be able to use some provided data and construct a graph, and then calculate the slope of a line on your graph.
5.    There will be numerous matching questions relating diagrams, scientists and chemicals with their characteristics.
 
Sample Test Questions and Diagrams:
1.    The diagram below will appear on the test.  Note the importances of the labels:
1)    Stroma = A, the fluid within a chloroplast and the location of the dark reactions of photosynthesis
2)    Thylakoids = B, the disks within a chloroplast and the location of the light reactions of photosynthesis
3)    Chloroplast = 1, site of photosynthesis
4)    Inner membrane = D, the site of ATP production and the ETS
5)    Matrix = C, the site of the Krebs cycle;
6)    Mitochondrion = 2;
7)    Cytoplasm = E, the site of glycolysis and anaerobic respiration,  and where the other cellular organelles reside.
1.   
2.    Write the equations for photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, muscle anaerobic respiration, and yeast fermentation.  (You can find them on the lab study sheets lab 9 for photosynthesis and lab 10 for respiration).
1)    Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O --light-ˆ C6H12O6 + 6O2
2)    Aerobic Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---ˆ 6CO2 + 6H2O  + 38 ATP
3)    Alcoholic fermentation: C6H12O6 ---ˆ 2CO2 + 2 alcohol molecules  + 2 ATP
4)    Lactic acid fermentation: C6H12O6 ---ˆ 2 lactic acid molecules  + 2 ATP
3.    Match the characteristics of the light reaction and the dark reaction of photosynthesis with the cell labels above:
1)    oxygen is made
2)    carbon dioxide is used
3)    sugar is made   
4)    hydrogen is released from here
5)    water is broken down
6)    answers:  1=B; 2=A; 3=A; 4=B; 5=B
4.    Match the A) light reaction and B) dark reaction of photosynthesis with a description.
1)    makes glucose
2)    makes oxygen
3)    uses water
4)    answers:  1=B, 2=A, 3=A
5.    Match A) glucose, B) oxygen, C) carbon dioxide and D) water of photosynthesis with their description.
1)    waste product of photosynthesis
2)    made by the dark reaction
3)    answers:  1=B, 2=A,
6.    Match the characteristics of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the ETS of respiration with the cell labels above.
1)    glycolysis takes place
2)    electron transport system takes place
3)    Krebs cycle takes place
4)    oxygen is used
5)    carbon dioxide is made
6)    pyruvate is made
7)    Answers:  1=E; 2=D; 3=C; 4=D; 5=C; 6=E
7.    Match A) glycolysis,B) Krebs cycle C) electron transport system of respiration with its description.
1)    uses glucose
2)    uses oxygen
3)    makes carbon dioxide
4)    occurs in cytoplasm
5)    answers:  1=A, 2=C, 3=B, 4=A
8.    Match) glucose, B) pyruvate, C) lactate, D) oxygen, E) carbon dioxide,  F) ATP of respiration with their descriptions:
1)    made by glycolysis
2)    waste product of the krebs cycle
3)    made by muscle fermentation
4)    answers:  1=B, 2=E, 3=C
9.    Match scientists of photosynthesis and respiration research with their descriptions:
A) van Helmont     B) Priestly     C) Ingenhousz
1)    studied willow trees
2)    plants renew air and candles deplete air
3)    renewing process by plants only occurs in light
4)    plants gain mass from water
5)    answers: 1=A; 2=B; 3=C; 4=A
 
10. Name the chemicals at the labels in the photosynthesis diagram below: 
11.
1)    A=water, B=oxygen gas, C=ATP, D=NADPH or Hydrogen atoms or electrons, E= carbon dioxide, F = PGA, G = PGAL, H = sugar or glucose; 1=dark reaction or Calvin cycle, 2= light reaction
12. Name the chemicals at the labels in the respiration diagram below: 
 
 
13.
1)    A= glucose or sugar, B=pyruvic acid, C=oxygen gas, D=water, E=electrons or hydrogen atoms, F=protons or hydrogen ions, G=ATP energy, H = carbon dioxide
14. Use the chromatogram below to answer the following questions:
1)   
2)    calculate the refraction value of pigment "B".
                                               i.     to do this you must measure the distance from the origin to the leading edge of B and divide that measurement by the measured distance from the origin to the solvent front, or divide x by y.
3)    Explain why pigment C traveled farther than pigment A:
                                               i.     Pigment C is either lower in molecular mass and/or lower in polarity than Pigment A.
4)    Which pigment has the lowest molecular mass?  Explain your answer.
                                               i.     Pigment D is lowest in molecular mass because it traveled the farthest on the chromatogram.
15. Use the following data to construct a graph and calculate the slope of the line:
Minutes
mm CO2
1
5
2
10
3
15
1)    Graph the data:
                                               i.    
2)    Calculate the slope of the line and explain what the value means:
                                               i.     Using coordinates (3,15) and (1,5):  (5-15)/(1-3) = -10/-2 = 5 mm CO2 / minute
                                             ii.     The yeast are producing carbon dioxide at the rate of 5 mm per minute
 
Note:  The words Òused/neededÓ mean the chemical is a reactant while the words Òproduced/madeÓ mean the chemical is a product.
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Study Guide Questions: Photosynthesis tutorial program.
1. What does food contain that cells need?  
2. What is an autotroph?  Give examples.  What is a heterotroph?  Give examples.  
3. Draw a diagram showing the passage of energy through an ecosystem.  
4. Define photosynthesis.  
5. Why is ATP used in photosynthesis?    For what is ATP used in photosynthesis?  
6. Draw a diagram representing the ATP molecule.  Label the parts and show the location of the high energy bonds.  Circle the high energy bond that stores most of the energy of ATP.  (from page 9)  
7. Into what is ATP broken down when it transfers its energy to another molecule?  
8. What type of energy is used to rebuild ATP molecules from ADP and P molecules?  
9. What two types of reactions make up photosynthesis?  Summarize the basic steps of each.   
10. Does the light reaction require light? Why?   Does the dark reaction require dark? If not, what does it require?  
11. In what part of a plant does photosynthesis occur?   In what part of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?  
12. Draw a chloroplast and label the grana, thylakoid, and stroma.  
13. Where do the light and dark reactions occur within the chloroplast?  Draw a chloroplast and show, with pointers, where the reactions take place.  
14. What is a pigment?  What important pigment does a chloroplast contain which is vital to photosynthesis?  
15. What colors of sunlight does chlorophyll absorb, and what colors does it reflect?  
16. What two similar types of chlorophyll are found in a chloroplast?  
17. Where is chlorophyll located in a chloroplast?  
18. Describe how the light reactions might be referred to as an "electrical circuit"?  
19. What is the source of electrons in the light reaction?  
20. As water molecules are broken down in the light reaction, what are they broken down into?  
21. Where are the hydrogen ions pumped in reference to the thylakoid membrane?  
22. What is the purpose of the NADP molecules in photosynthesis?  
23. From the animation of the light reaction, explain in your own words what is happening to A) the electrons, B) hydrogen ions, C) water molecules  
24. Write the chemical equation that summarizes the light reaction. 
25. Why is the dark reaction called a "cyclic reaction"?  
26. What 5-carbon molecule does the dark reaction begin with?  
27. What does RuBP react with and what does its reaction form?  
28. To what is PII converted and what is required for this conversion?  
29. From the animation of the dark reaction, explain in your own words what is happening to A) the hydrogen atoms, B) ATP, C) carbon dioxide, and D) RuBP.  
30. Write the chemical equation that summarizes the dark reaction.  
31. Summarize, in your own words, the events occurring in the animation of the entire process of photosynthesis.
32. Write the A) overall photosynthesis equation and the B) more correct photosynthesis equation.  
33. What happens to the glucose sugar that is made by a chloroplast?  
34. In your own words, what is the purpose of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis?
 
Study Guide Questions: Respiration Tutorial Program.
1.   What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?  
2.   What is the universal fuel molecule for all cells?  What type of stored energy does it contain?    
3.   What is the functional difference between glucose and ATP?  
4.   Draw an ATP molecule, and label the most important high energy bond.  What importance does the third phosphate of ATP have to organelles?  
5.   What is the source of energy for respiration to convert ADP to ATP?  Draw a diagram which summarizes the ATP-ADP cycle.
6.   What 2 types of respiration exist?  What is the basic difference between them?   Which is more efficient?  
7.   Write the chemical equations of human aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.  List the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration by comparing the equations for each.  
8.   What two hydrogen carrying molecules are used in respiration?  How many hydrogen atoms can each carry?  
9.   What is glycolysis?  Write the chemical equation that summarizes glycolysis.  
10. Why are 2 ATP molecules bonded to glucose in the first step of glycolysis?  
11. Summarize, in your own words, what happens to glucose in glycolysis from the glycolysis animation.  
12. What will happen to the pyruvic acid molecules made by glycolysis through aerobic and anaerobic respiration?  
13. What is fermentation?  Why must fermentation occur in an oxygen deprived cell?
14. Write the chemical equations summarizing lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.  
15. What is the difference between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation?  
16. Summarize, in your own words, the events of the animation of lactic acid fermentation. 
17. Where does aerobic respiration occur in a cell?  Draw and label the parts of this organelle.  
18. To what is pyruvic acid converted after it diffuses into the mitochondrion?  
19. What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?  Why is it referred to as a "cycle"?  
20. Summarize, in your own words, the events of the animation of the Krebs Cycle.  
21. What does the ETS do with the products of the Krebs cycle?  What happens to the hydrogen ions pumped by the ETS?  What are the hydrogen ions used for in chemiosmosis?  
22. With what do the electrons react at the end of the ETS?  What is formed from this reaction?  
23. Summarize, in your own words, the events of the animation of the ETS.  
24. What is the purpose of the ETS?
25. Why will most cells aerobically respire rather than anaerobically respire?  
26. Draw a diagram which summarizes all of respiration.
27. Summarize, in your own words, the events of the entire process of respiration with the use of oxygen.
28. Thus, how many ATP are made from the breakdown of one glucose?  
29. What other molecules can be broken down for energy?  How much ATP energy does one fat molecule store?